pKa calculation

    This background material explains the theory behind the pKa calculation:

    Introduction

    Chemical properties of molecules depend largely on whether they are ionized or not. Most organic molecules are capable of gaining and/or losing a proton in aqueous solutions. Proton transfer most frequently occurs between water and any ionizable atom of the organic molecule.

    The molecule's response to protonation or de-protonation depends significantly on the site that was affected by the proton transfer. Partial charge distribution of the molecule also varies based on the protonation of the acid/base active sites. Since the partial charge distribution is very sensitive to the protonation/de-protonation process (both near and far from the affected site), it can be used to determine the p K a of a molecule.

    Our p K a prediction program is based on the calculation of partial charge distribution of atoms in the molecule.

    The concept of ionisation

    Acidic and basic molecules are ionised in aqueous solution. Acidic or basic character is assigned to the molecule according to Brönsted's rule. The ratio of the ionised and neutral forms depends on the pH, the temperature and the ion activity of the bulk phase. The ionisation constant Ka is obtained from the activity ratio of conjugated base and conjugated acid multiplied with proton activity:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/Ka_def.gif

    Definition of pKa

    The p K a value is obtained from the ionisation constant of a molecule using the following definition:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/pKa_def.gif

    When the pH of the solution is equal with p K a, the concentrations of the dissociated and undissociated species are equal.

    Definition of the acidic/basic prefix of pKa

    Definition of the basic prefix

    Protonated positive ions are considered as protonated basic sites , therefore "basic" prefix is used for them. The neutral basic sites are predefined in the p K a calculator, they also have the "basic" prefix, e.g. if the submitted molecule is CH3NH2 or CH3NH3+, they both get the "basic" prefix and the calculated p K a is 10.08.

    Definition of the acidic prefix

    De-protonated negative ions are considered as de-protonated acidic sites , therefore "acidic" prefix is used for them. The neutral acidic sites are predefined in the p K a calculator and they also have "acidic" prefix, e.g. if submitted molecule is CH3COOH or CH3COO- , they both get the "acidic" prefix and p K a is 4.54.

    Multiprotic molecules

    When a molecule has more than one ionisable atom, it is called a multiprotic compound. For these types of molecules we need to distinguish between micro and macro acidic dissociation constants. The micro acidic dissociation constant is obtained from the equilibrium concentration of the conjugated acid-base pairs. The macro acidic dissociation constant is obtained from the global mass and charge conservation law. When a molecule has N ionisable sites, the total number of microspecies in the solution is 2N.

    Example

    To better understand the difference between micro and macro constants we consider ionization equilibrium of a triprotic acid AH3. Referring to the different deprotonation sites of the AH3 molecule we introduce the upper indexes of the protons:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/AH3.gif

    The ionization process of the AH1H2H3 molecule in aqueous solution is described with 12 equilibrium reactions. Microspecies and their charge are summarized in Table 1.

    images/download/attachments/1806728/AH3_ions.gif

    Microspecies charge
    AH1H2H3 0
    AH1H2 , AH1H3 , AH2H3 -1
    AH1 , AH2 , AH3 -2
    A -3

    Tab. 1 Microspecies of AH3 and their charge

    The AH3 molecule has three macro acidic constants since it is a triprotic acid. Macro acidic constants K1, K2, and K3 are obtained from the concentration of the microspecies:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/Macro_K.gif

    And the three macro p K a values of the AH3 molecule that would be obtained with routine laboratory measurements are as follows:

    p K a,1=-log10( K 1)

    p K a,2=-log10( K 2)

    p K a,3=-log10( K 3)

    Examples

    The following examples show the different acidic/basic dissociation processes and their related calculations.

    Example #1

    The ionisation steps of p -amino benzoic acid are outlined below. Calculated micro ionisation constants k1, k2, k3 and k4 are indicated on the arrows. images/download/attachments/1806728/pAm_k.png Fig. 1 Ionization steps of p -amino benzoic acid

    Below are the calculated and the experimental p K a values of p -amino benzoic acid:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/pKa12.png

    Example #2

    Imides and amides can have either acidic or basic character. The extent of amide/imide ionization at a given pH is determined by two acid dissociation constants: p K a,1 is assigned to the de-protonation step RNH images/download/attachments/1806728/reactionarrow.png RN- + H+ and p K a,2 is assigned to the protonation step RNH2+images/download/attachments/1806728/reactionarrow.pngRNH + H+ .

    The ratio of anionic and cationic species depends on p K a,1, p K a,2 and the actual pH:

    images/download/attachments/1806728/amide_ratio.gif

    If 2pH - (p K a,1 + p K* a,2) > 0, de-protonation of the amide/imide is favoured, and the molecule is said to have an acidic character.

    If 2pH - (p K a,1 + p K* a,2) < 0, protonation of amide/imide is favoured, and it is considered to have a basic character.

    Chemists often want to know the ionization state of organic compounds at pH 7.4 (the pH value of human blood). In general, the macro p K as of amide/imide compounds are calculated and their acidic or basic character determined by the above formulas at pH 7.4. We give as an example two amides: phthalamide and 2-pyridone.

    images/download/thumbnails/1806728/phthalamide.jpgimages/download/thumbnails/1806728/pyridone.jpg

    Calculated and measured p K a values of phthalimide and 2-pyridone are given in Table 2.

    Compound Calculated p K a Observed p K a
    phtalimide 8.40 8.30
    2-pyridone 11.40 11.70

    Tab. 2 Calculated and measured pKa values of phthalimide and 2-pyridone

    Example #3

    The value of ionization constants of conjugated acid/base pairs usually falls between 10-2 and 1016 , so these limits are generally used to predict the p K a. When an ionisable site in the molecule has an ever weaker basic or acidic character, the ionisable site can be involved in the calculation by increasing the calculation range.

    The molecule depicted below contains a very weak acidic N atom. First, macro p K a is calculated with default limits predefined between 10-2 and 1016 . Then macro p K a is calculated with altered limits defined between 10-50 and 1050 .

    {info} Changing the default settings of macro p K a calculation can be done in the Tools > Options > pKa menu of MarvinSketch.

    Calculated and observed acidity constants are summarised in Table 3. Measured p K as are taken from Clark et al.

    images/download/attachments/1806728/pka_mol1.jpgimages/download/attachments/1806728/pka_mol2.jpg

    p K a First calc. Second calc. Observed
    p K a,1 4.37 4.37 4.51
    p Kb ,1 7.89 7.89 6.01
    p K a,2 - 31.03 -

    Table 3. The first three calculated and measured acidity constants

    References

    1. Prediction of dissociation constant using microconstants, J. Szegezdi and F. Csizmadia, 27th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, California, March 28-April 1, 2004

    2. A method for calculating the pKa values of small and large molecules, J. Szegezdi and F. Csizmadia, American Chemical Society Spring meeting, March 25-29th, 2007

    3. Clark, F. H.; Cahoon, N. M., J. Pharm. Sci. , 1987 , 76 , 8, 611-620

    4. Dixon, S. L.; Jurs, P. C., J. Comp. Chem. , 1993 , 14 , 12, 1460-1467; doi

    5. Csizmadia, F.; Tsantili-Kakoulidou, A.; Panderi, I.; Darvas, F., J. Pharm. Sci. , 1997 , 86 , 7, 865-871; doi